Medical

It is common to electropolish Nitinol parts in a solution of sulfuric acid and methanol cooled to subzero temperatures, typically -30˚C to -50˚C.  This works, and it almost considered a standard method of electropolishing Nitinol and similar materials.  But working at these low temperatures is difficult.  Powerful chillers are needed.  It takes time to cool the solution.  Condensation issues and icing around the EP vessel need to be addressed.

Users of chemical treatment baths often ask for controls that guarantee a steady process and also allow to maximize the utility of the bath.  How can we measure that the bath is the same and how do we know when it should be replaced?  Well, such guidelines are difficult to be had for a couple of reasons.  First, parts are not standardized, and 1 cm² of surface of a certain Nitinol part is likely different from 1 cm² of surface of another part (even if we are able to measure the surface area).  Then, in many cases the analytical tests that would be required are complex, require chemical expertise and/or training, and sometimes advanced instrumentation.  We would like the simple pH measurement to do the trick but it can’t.  An acid titration?  More complicated and it would give better information; but still not very usable.  A fluoride concentration measurement, using a fluoride ion selective electrode, is much better but the complexity of the measurement goes up significantly.  Then, perhaps water concentration is important to measure in electropolishes – this needs a specialized Karl Fischer titrator with special reagents and careful maintenance.  For dissolved metal (example: nickel and titanium) we need an ICP-OES or an equivalent spectrophotometer.  So the pH measurement is easy and quick but not very useful, the other more useful controls require expensive instrumentation, expertise, maintenance, and each test takes longer time.  This is the reality.  Yes, this all can be done, but is it worth it?  The answer so far seems to be “no” from many of our customers.  And the adopted process (SOP) often describes the bath control like this: run 20 stents per liter and then replace with new (example).

It is well-known that for etching (a.k.a. pickling, deoxidizing) titanium and its alloys, including Nitinol, one can use chemical mixtures containing hydrofluoric acid, HF.  It also well-known that it is a relatively dangerous substance.  Some medical device companies outright ban such HF-containing chemistries.  There are alternatives, which work well in many cases.  Those alternative chemistries contain another “fluoro” substance, named fluoroboric acid.  The latter is much safer, because it does not release fluoride ion at the same concentration as hydrofluoric acid.  Fluoroboric acid, HBF₄, contains “bound” fluoride and has to undergo hydrolysis to yield fluoride: BF₄^– + H₂O <->  H⁺ + (OH)BF₃^– + F^–.  This equilibrium reaction is shifted significantly to the left, meaning that a decent concentration of BF₄^– will produce little F^–.  This is different from HF, which is essentially the same as F^–, at the same high concentration.  A simple confirmation of this is a measurement of fluoride concentration with fluoride ion selective electrode (ISE).  Two solutions with similar concentrations of hydrofluoric acid and fluoroboric acid show ~100 times less fluoride in the latter.  Yes, one can use very very diluted solution of HF to obtain the same fluoride concentration.  But it won’t be exactly the same situation: fluoride from the dilute HF solution will be consumed quickly but the fluoride from HBF₄ will be replenished through the equilibrium reaction above (Le Chatelier’s Principle) and decrease at a much lower rate.

In one project we were tasked with improving a process of removing a scale/debris from laser-cut CoCr parts.  It became apparent that, while CoCr is corrosion-resistant (meaning: chemically-resistant) the scale was even harder to attack.  Only very aggressive chemistries worked and they had to be mixed fresh on-site, because they were reactive and unstable over time.  For us, the chemical vendor, such situations present a challenge – we want a product with a decent shelf-life, stable over time.  And we did not have a product for this customer at the time.  However, sometime later, through experimentation, we developed a new product: CoCr Cleaner II, which is stable to ship and store, yet cleans the CoCr scale quite well.

It is a bit complicated.

Ideally, we would like to use a chemical solution that can dissolve the oxide layer and do so uniformly without attacking the base metal (meaning: we want high oxide-to-metal selectivity of the deox chemical).  In reality: a) some oxides are sluggish to dissolve, and b) some areas of the part clear oxide sooner and the chemicals begin to etch the metal.

1. SS beaker/tank or glass/plastic vessel with a SS cathode
2. To maintain EP temperature; high capacity for low temperature electropolishing and lower capacity for room temperature electropolishing
3. For less conductive EP solutions higher voltage range is necessary
4. Magnetic stirring is convenient and easy; other means of exerting solution flow may offer more uniformity
5. Part-dependent; SS wires or forceps are convenient; titanium and some specialty alloys will draw less current

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